Una corporación es una estructura legal preferida por capitalistas de riesgo, inversores ángel u otros que buscan invertir capital sustancial en una compañía nueva o emergente. Si la compañía lleva a cabo considerables cantidades de negocios en todo el país e incluso a nivel internacional, su intrincada estructura operativa necesitará una superposición burocrática adecuada para gestionar adecuadamente sus variadas operaciones. Una corporación es la más compleja de las organizaciones comerciales con fines de lucro. En ese sentido, una empresa nueva que está creciendo en eficiencia operacional puede encontrar más factible comenzar con una sociedad o LLC y ver si el éxito futuro justifica la transformación a un conglomerado corporativo. Es importante destacar que ciertas elecciones de impuestos deben hacerse cuando comienza el proceso de formación de negocios.

Es posible que haya oído decir que la estructura jurídica corporativa sufre del método de imposición conocido como doble imposición. En las estructuras comerciales menos complejas, como la sociedad y la LLC, los socios o miembros pagan impuestos una sola vez y esto ocurre en su declaración del impuesto a la renta personal. Los ingresos del negocio se “transfieren” a la declaración personal del individuo sin que el IRS gravara primero ese ingreso a nivel comercial. Por lo tanto, con el propietario único, la sociedad y la LLC, cada una de estas entidades no grava los ingresos que ingresan al negocio y luego al individuo en su declaración personal. En cambio, los ingresos de la empresa están sujetos a un solo impuesto.


El método de impuestos C-Corp se aplica de manera predeterminada


Por el contrario, la corporación C (C-corp) está sujeta a impuestos por sus ganancias a nivel corporativo cuando presenta una declaración de impuesto de sociedades aplicable. Luego, los beneficios se distribuyen a los accionistas, generalmente en forma de dividendos, que deben declararse en la declaración del impuesto sobre la renta personal del accionista, haciendo que los mismos fondos sean dos veces responsables del impuesto a las ganancias, a nivel corporativo y personal. El IRS asigna a la entidad corporativa recientemente presentada un estado tributario de C-C por defecto. El C-corp, por lo tanto, representa la clásica práctica de doble imposición que los accionistas tratan de evitar siempre que sea posible.


El estado de S-Corp ofrece ventajas para las empresas más pequeñas


Para las empresas con cien (100) o menos accionistas que no tienen intenciones de hacerse públicas en el corto plazo, la elección del estado de S-Corporation (S-corp) está disponible de conformidad con el Subcapítulo S del Código de Rentas Internas. Una S-corp no está sujeta a doble imposición. En cambio, cada accionista reporta los ingresos corporativos en su declaración personal de impuestos, pero el S-corp no paga el impuesto a las ganancias a nivel comercial. De esta forma, S-corp proporciona el mismo tipo de método de impuesto a la transferencia que disfrutan la propiedad, la sociedad general y la LLC.

Se aplican otras condiciones para el estado S-corp. Por ejemplo, el S-corp no puede tener un extranjero no residente como accionista. No puede emitir más de una clase de acciones y está limitado en la cantidad de capital que puede generar. Si califica, el S-corp puede operar con menos formalidades que el C-corp. El C-corp tiene ciertas ventajas sobre el S-corp. Puede aceptar inversores extranjeros legalmente y, por lo tanto, es un vehículo de inversión más fuerte. No está limitado en el número de accionistas, las clases de acciones emitidas o la cantidad de capital invertido. Es el modelo que debe usarse cuando se transforma en una oferta pública.


¿Qué es una corporación cerrada y cómo puede ayudar?


Si la compañía tiene relativamente pocos accionistas (propietarios) y está restringida a un grupo limitado de inversionistas, o si solo cuenta con uno, dos o pocos accionistas, puede presentar y organizarse como una corporación “cercana”. La entidad puede ser un S-corp. y una corporación cercana. Los accionistas deben acordar por unanimidad que se organicen como una corporación cercana legal de conformidad con la ley de Maryland. Por ejemplo, cuando la compañía no tiene la intención de hacer una oferta pública en un futuro cercano y será propiedad de un número relativamente pequeño de accionistas, los propietarios pueden establecerlo como una corporación “cercana”, mientras que también eligen ser gravados como un S- corp.
2017 Maryland Code, Title 4, es la disposición legal que autoriza la creación de una sociedad anónima por parte de los accionistas. Después de la formación, los accionistas de la corporación cercana pueden acordar abolir la junta directiva y operar la compañía ellos mismos. La ley de Maryland requiere específicamente que las acciones en acciones y ciertos otros formularios comerciales, como los artículos de incorporación, indiquen claramente que la empresa se ha organizado como una corporación cercana y que las restricciones son aplicables.

Una restricción importante de una sociedad anónima cercana es que las acciones se deben ofrecer primero a los propietarios existentes y a la corporación antes de comercializarlas al público. Recuerde que el S-corp es diferente de una corporación cercana aunque los dos conceptos comparten algunas características similares. El S-corp se refiere a un método de imposición como lo hace el C-corp. Una corporación cercana tiene diferentes propósitos y cumple con los mandatos legales de Maryland.

Algunos de los temas anteriores se complican por excepciones, calificaciones y numerosas consideraciones bajo las leyes federales y de Maryland. Una abogada de derecho comercial y un asesor fiscal son los dos principales profesionales que lo guiarán a través de las complejidades de las organizaciones empresariales. Una abogada también puede ayudar si la compañía ha elegido el estado de S-corp y quiere volver al estado de C-corp. La elección de S-corp se realiza en el formulario 2553 del IRS, que todos los accionistas deben firmar, y el formulario se debe presentar ante el IRS.

La información de este artículo se ofrece solo con fines educativos y no constituye asesoramiento jurídico. Para obtener ayuda específica, consulte con un abogado autorizado en su jurisdicción.

Si necesita asesoramiento con respecto a cualquier problema de formación empresarial, comuníquese con la abogada de derechos comercial de Maryland Elsa W. Smith en las Oficinas Legales de Elsa W. Smith, LLC. Tenemos dos oficinas para servirle: Annapolis y Laurel. También puede contactarnos a través de nuestro sitio web.

A corporation is a legal structure preferred by venture capitalists, angel investors or others looking to invest substantial capital in a new or emerging company. If the company conducts considerable amounts of business nationwide and even internationally, its intricate operating structure will need an appropriate bureaucratic overlay to adequately manage its varied operations. A corporation is the most complex of the for-profit business organizations. In that sense, a new company that is growing into operational efficiency may find it more feasible to start with a partnership or LLC and see whether future success justifies transformation to a corporate conglomerate.  Importantly, certain tax choices must be made when the business formation process begins.

You may have heard it said that the corporate legal structure suffers from the method of taxation known as double taxation. In the less complex business structures, such as the partnership and the LLC, the partners or members pay taxes only once and this occurs on their personal income tax return. The income from the business is “passed through” to the individual’s personal return without that income first being taxed by the IRS at the business level. Thus, with the sole proprietorship, the partnership, and the LLC, each of these entities is not taxed on income coming into the business and then to the individual on his or her personal return. Instead, the income of the business is subject to one tax only.


The C-Corp Method of Taxation Applies by Default

By contrast, the C-corporation (C-corp) is taxed by its earnings at the corporate level when it files an applicable corporation tax return. The profits then get distributed to the shareholders, usually in the form of dividends, which are reportable on the shareholder’s personal income tax return, thus making the same funds twice liable for income taxes, on the corporate and on the personal individual level. The IRS assigns the newly filed corporate entity a C-corporation tax status by default. The C-corp, therefore, represents the classic double-taxation practice that shareholders try to avoid where possible.


S-Corp Status Offers Advantages for Smaller Corporations

For companies with one hundred  (100) or fewer shareholders that have no intentions of going public anytime soon, electing S-Corporation (S-corp) status is available pursuant to Subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code. An S-corp is not subjected to double taxation. Instead, each shareholder reports corporate income on his or her personal income tax return but the S-corp does not pay income tax at the business level. The S-corp thus provides the same kind of pass-through tax method enjoyed by the proprietorship, the general partnership, and the LLC.

Other conditions apply for S-corp status. For example, the S-corp cannot have a non-resident alien as a shareholder. It cannot issue more than one class of stock and is limited in the amount of capital that it can raise. If qualified, the S-corp may operate with fewer formalities than the C-corp. The C-corp does have certain advantages over the S-corp. It can accept foreign investors legally and is thus a stronger investment vehicle. It is not limited in the number of shareholders, the classes of stock issued, or the amount of capital invested. It is the model that must be used when transforming to a public offering.


What Is A Close Corporation and How Can It Help?

If the company has a relatively few shareholders (owners) and is restricted to a limited group of investors, or where it consists of only one, two or a few shareholders, it may file and organize itself as a “close” corporation. The entity can be both an S-corp. and a close corporation. The shareholders must agree unanimously to be organized as a statutory close corporation pursuant to Maryland law. For example, where the company intends no public offering at any time soon and it will be owned by a relatively small number of shareholders, the owners may set it up as a “close” corporation, while also electing to be taxed as an S-corp.

2017 Maryland Code, Title 4, is the statutory provision that authorizes the creation of a close corporation by the shareholders. After formation, the close corporation’s shareholders can agree to abolish the board of directors and operate the company themselves. Maryland law specifically requires that the stock shares and certain other business forms, such as the articles of incorporation, must indicate clearly that the company has been organized as a close corporation and that restrictions are applicable.

One important restriction of a close corporation is that the shares of stock must be first offered to the existing owners and to the corporation prior to marketing them to the public. Remember that the S-corp is different than a close corporation although the two concepts share some similar characteristics. The S-corp refers to a method of taxation as does the C-corp. A close corporation serves different purposes and follows the Maryland statutory mandates.

Some of the foregoing issues are complicated by exceptions, qualifications, and numerous considerations under federal and Maryland law. A business law attorney and a tax consultant are the two main professionals that will guide you through the complexities of business organizations. An attorney can also help if the company has chosen S-corp status and wants to switch back to C-corp status. The S-corp election is made on IRS Form 2553, which all stockholders must sign, and the form must be filed with the IRS.

Information in this article is provided for educational purposes only and not intended to constitute legal advice. Please consult with a licensed attorney in your jurisdiction for help with your specific situation.


If you need advice regarding any business formation issue, please contact Maryland business law attorney Elsa W. Smith at the Law Offices of Elsa W. Smith, LLC.  We have two offices to serve you: Annapolis and Laurel. You may also contact us via our website.

Aretha Franklin, an unparalleled, unprecedented icon and known as the Queen of Soul, passed away on Thursday, August 16, 2018 from advanced pancreatic cancer. She left behind family members, friends, and generations of admirers who will be forever touched by her presence.

As the world mourns the loss of Ms. Franklin, another important discussion has come to light. According to reports referencing recently acquired court documents, it has been revealed that Aretha Franklin did not leave a will behind at the time of her passing.

What will happen to her estate?

When a person dies intestate (without a will, or, without a valid will), State law dictates the administration of the deceased’s estate. Assets are distributed to heirs through a probate court in accordance with intestate law.

Because Aretha Franklin has surviving children and had no spouse at the time of her death, Michigan intestate succession law orders the inheritance to be split equally between her children (four sons).

Intestate succession laws vary from state to state

One widely agreed-upon implication, however, is that dying intestate complicates the administration of one’s estate. In many cases, it may raise disputes among family members and loved ones who disagree with intestate law procedure.

When someone dies intestate, the executor, who is usually named in the will, is appointed by the court. The executor (also called a personal representative) is tasked with overseeing and managing the administration of the estate. This also includes ensuring that estate taxes and debts are paid.

In Aretha Franklin’s case, her surviving sons have come to an agreement to assign executor responsibility to Ms. Franklin’s niece, Sabrina Owens. With an estimated net worth of $80 million (Source: BusinessInsider.com), there is liable to be contention about what happens with these assets, but the prompt and mutual agreement displayed by Ms. Franklin’s family is a positive sign that they are working toward a peaceful resolution.

In the case of Prince, who died in April of 2016, the distribution of his estate has yet to be resolved. Like Ms. Franklin, Prince died without a will and did not leave documentation of what he wanted to be done with his estate.

The administration of Prince’s estate has seen numerous complications, from beneficiaries disagreeing with the court-appointed executor, Comerica Bank and Trust, to an ongoing delay in assessing the value of Prince’s estate, which is required before his heirs can receive their share of the estate. Additionally, the fees collected by lawyers, the IRS, and the executor have greatly decreased the amount that will ultimately be split among Prince’s heirs.

How to Avoid Dying Intestate

The passing of Aretha Franklin is a reminder that estate planning is crucial to providing yourself and your loved ones with peace of mind in the event of your death or incapacitation. Whether you leave behind a spouse, a family, or have no heirs, having a succession plan is essential.

Information in this article is provided for educational purposes only and not intended to constitute legal advice. Please consult with a licensed attorney in your jurisdiction for help with your specific situation.

Having your documents prepared by an attorney experienced in Maryland estate planning will provide you with the guidance and reassurance you need to plan ahead. If you would like assistance with estate planning in Maryland or have questions regarding your situation, contact the Law Offices of Elsa W. Smith, LLC today.